Dimensioning Non-orthogonal Objects
So far, you’ve been reading about how to work with linear dimensions. You can also dimension
non-orthogonal objects, such as circles, arcs, triangles, and trapezoids. In this section, you’ll practice dimensioning a non-orthogonal object.
For the following exercises, you’ll use a drawing of a hexagonal-shaped window. Open the 12awind.
dwg file from the sample files; metric users should open the 12a-wind-metric.dwg file. You
can use this file to follow along with the next set of exercises.
Check this out
 |
Autocad Tutorials, Autocad 3D, Free Autocad Blocks
Dimensioning Non-orthogonal Objects
Adding a String of Dimensions with a Single Operation
Adding a String of Dimensions with a Single Operation
AutoCAD provides a method for creating a string of dimensions by using a single operation. The
Qdim command lets you select a set of objects instead of having to select points. The following exercise demonstrates how the Qdim command works:
1. If you haven’t done so already, zoom out so you have an overall view of the Unit floor plan.
2. Choose Dimension Quick Dimension, or click Quick Dimension on the fly-out of the
Dimensions control panel.
3. At the Select geometry to dimension: prompt, place a selection window around the
entire left-side wall of the unit.
4. Press ↵ to finish your selection. The following prompt appears:
Specify dimension line position, or [Continuous/Staggered/Baseline/Ordinate/Radius/Diameter/ datumPoint/Edit/seTtings]
5. Click a point to the left of the wall to place the dimension. A string of dimensions appears,
displaying all the dimensions for the wall.
6. When you’ve finished reviewing the results of this exercise, exit the file without saving it.
The prompt in step 4 indicates several types of dimensions you can choose from. For example,
if you want the dimensions to originate from a single baseline, you can enter B↵ in step 4 to select the Baseline option.
The Qdim command can be a time-saver when you want to dimension a wall quickly. It may not
work in all situations, but if the object you’re dimensioning is fairly simple, it can be all you need.
TIP In this exercise, you used a simple window to select the wall. For more complex shapes, try
using a crossing polygon selection window. See Chapter 2 for more on crossing polygons.
Adding or Removing the Alternate Dimensions
You may eventually encounter a drawing that contains alternate dimensions, as shown in some of the figures earlier in this chapter. You can remove those alternate dimensions by turning off the alternate dimension features. Here’s how it’s done:
1. Choose Dimension Dimension Style, or enter D↵ to open the Dimension Style Manager
dialog box.
2. Select the style that uses the alternate units. In the Styles list box, choose Modify.
3. Click the Alternate Units tab.
4. Click the Display Alternate Units check box to remove the check mark.
5. Click OK, and then click Close to close the Dimension Style Manager dialog box.
The dimensions that use the style you just edited change to remove the alternate dimensions.
You can also perform the reverse operation and add alternate dimensions to an existing set of
dimensions. Follow the steps shown here, but instead of removing the check mark in step 4, add the check mark, and make the appropriate setting changes to the rest of the Alternate Units tab.
Using Osnap While Dimensioning
When you pick intersections and endpoints frequently, as you do during dimensioning, it can be inconvenient to use the Osnap shortcut menu. If you know you’ll be using certain osnaps frequently, you can use Running Osnaps (See “The Osnap Options” in Chapter 3 for more on setting up Running Osnaps).
After you’ve designated your Running Osnaps, the next time you’re prompted to select a point, the selected osnap modes are automatically activated. You can still override the default settings by using the Osnap shortcut menu (Shift+click the right mouse button).
There is a drawback to setting a Running Osnap mode: When your drawing gets crowded, you can end up picking the wrong point by accident. However, you can easily toggle Running Osnap mode off by clicking Osnap in the status bar or by pressing F3.
Associating Dimensions with Objects
Associating Dimensions with Objects
You’ve seen how dimensions and the objects they’re associated with can move together so the
dimension remains connected to the object. In the process of editing a drawing, dimensions may
lose their association with objects; so, you may need to re-create an association between a dimension and an object. The following steps show you how this is done:
1. Choose Dimension Reassociate Dimensions. You can also type Dimreassociate↵ at the
Command prompt.
2. At the prompt
Select dimension to reassociate
Select Objects:
select the dimension that you want to reassociate with an object, and then press ↵.
3. At the Specify first extension line origin or [Select object]
an X appears at one of the dimension’s definition points.
4. Use the Endpoint osnap, and click the end of the object you want to have connected to the
definition point indicated in step 3.
5. An X appears at the dimension’s other definition point. Use the Endpoint osnap again, and
click the other endpoint of the object you want associated with the dimension. You now have
the dimension associated with the endpoints of the object.
In step 3, you see an X at the location of a dimension definition point. If the definition point is
already associated with an object, the X appears with a box around it. The box is a reminder that the definition point is already associated with an object and that you’ll be changing its association. In this situation, you can press ↵ to switch to the dimension’s other definition point.
dimension with an entire object instead of with just one endpoint. If you type S↵ at that prompt in step 3, you can then select the object you want to associate with the dimension. The dimension
changes so that its definition points coincide with the endpoints of the object. The dimension
remains in its original orientation. For example, a vertical dimension remains vertical even if you
associate the dimension with a horizontal line. In this situation, the dimension dutifully dimensions the endpoints of the line but shows a distance of zero.
TIP You can remove a dimension’s association with an object by using the Dimdisassociate command. Type Dimdisassociate↵ at the Command prompt, select the dimension(s), and then press ↵.
Editing Dimensions and Other Objects Together.....
Editing Dimensions and Other Objects Together
It’s helpful to be able to edit a dimension directly by using its grips. But the key feature of AutoCAD’s dimensions is their ability to automatically adjust themselves to changes in the drawing.
To see how this works, try moving the living room closer to the bathroom wall. You can move
a group of lines and vertices by using the Stretch command and the Crossing option:
1. Click the Stretch tool in the Modify toolbar, or type S↵ and then C↵. You’ll see the
following prompts:
At the Select objects to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon...
Select objects: C
Specify first corner:
2. Pick a crossing window, as illustrated in Figure 12.9, and then press ↵ to confirm your
selection.
3. At the Specify base point or Displacement
on the screen.
4. At the Specify second point or 
Changing Style Settings of Individual Dimensions
Changing Style Settings of Individual Dimensions
In some cases, you have to change an individual dimension’s style settings in order to edit that
dimension. For example, if you try to move the text of a typical linear dimension, you may find
that the text and dimension lines are inseparable. You need to make a change to the dimension
style setting that controls how AutoCAD locates dimension text in relation to the dimension line.
This section describes how you can change the style settings of individual dimensions to facilitate
changes in the dimension.
TIP If you need to change the dimension style of a dimension to match that of another, you can
use the Match Properties tool. See Chapter 7 for details on how to use this tool.
Moving Fixed Dimension Text
You’ve seen how dimension text is attached to the dimension line so that when the text is
moved, the dimension line follows. You may encounter situations in which you want to move
the text independently of the dimension line. The following steps show how you can separate
dimension text from its dimension line. These steps also show how you can change a single
dimension’s style settings:
1. Click the dimension you want to edit, to expose its grips.
2. Right-click, and choose Properties from the shortcut menu to open the Properties palette.
3. Scroll down the list of properties until you see the Fit category. If you don’t see a list of
options under Fit, click the downward-pointing arrow to the right to display a new set
of options.
4. Scroll farther down the list until you see the Text Movement option to the right of the Text
Movement listing, and then click this option.
5. Click the arrow that appears next to the Keep Dim Line With Text listing to open the dropdown
list; then, select the Move Text, Add Leader option.
6. Close the Properties palette.
In the Properties palette, the Move Text, Add Leader option in the Fit category lets you move the dimension text independently of the dimension line. It also draws a leader from the dimension line to the text. Another option, Move Text, No Leader, does the same thing but doesn’t include a leader.
You can also set these options for a dimension style by using the Text Placement options in the Fit tab of the New Dimension Style or Modify Dimension Style dialog box.
As you can see from these steps, the Properties palette gives you access to many of the settings
you saw for setting up dimension styles. The main difference here is that the Properties palette
affects only the dimensions you’ve selected.
In a previous exercise, you changed the format setting of a single dimension after it was placed.
These settings can be made a standard part of your Architectural dimension style by using the
Modify button in the Dimension Style Manager dialog box.
TIP If you have multiple dimension styles and you want to change an existing dimension to the currentdimension style, use the Dimension Update tool. Choose Dimension Update on the Dimensionscontrol panel, or choose Dimension _Update from the drop-down menu. Then, select the dimensionsyou want to change, and press ↵. The selected dimensions will be converted to the current style.
Rotating and Positioning Dimension Text
Once in a while, dimension text works better if it’s kept in a horizontal orientation, even if the dimension itself isn’t horizontal. To rotate dimension text, choose Dimension Align Text Angle, select the dimension text, and then enter an angle or select two points to graphically indicate an angle. You can also enter 0↵ to return the dimension text to its default angle.
If you need to move the dimension text to the left, center, or right of the dimension line, you can use the Left, Center, or Right option under the Dimension Align Text menu options.
Using Grips to Make Minor Adjustments to Dimensions
Using Grips to Make Minor Adjustments to Dimensions
The definition points, whose location you can see through their grips, are located on their own
unique layer called Defpoints. Definition points are displayed regardless of whether the Defpoints
layer is on or off. To give you an idea of how these definition points work, try the following exercises, which show you how to directly manipulate the definition points.
In this exercise, you’ll use coordinates to move a dimension line:
1. With the grips visible, click the grip near the dimension text.
TIP Because the Defpoints layer has the unique feature of being visible even when turned off, you can use it as a layer for laying out your drawing. While Defpoints is turned off, you can still see objects assigned to it, but the objects won’t plot.
2. Move the cursor around. When you move the cursor vertically, the text moves along the
dimension line. When you move the cursor horizontally, the dimension line and text move
together, keeping their parallel orientation to the dimensioned floor plan.
TIP Here the entire dimension line, including the text, moves. In a later exercise, you’ll see how
you can move the dimension text independently of the dimension line.
3. Enter @9´<0↵. Metric users should enter @275<0↵. The dimension line, text, and dimension
extensions stretch to the new location to the right of the text (see Figure 12.8).
TIP If you need to move several dimension lines, select them all at the Command prompt; then,
Shift+click one set of dimension-line grips from each dimension. After you’ve selected the grips,
click one of the hot grips again. You can then move all the dimension lines at once.
In step 3 of the previous exercise, you saw that you can specify an exact distance for the dimensionline’s new location by entering a relative polar coordinate. Cartesian coordinates work just as well. You can even use object snaps to relocate dimension lines.
Next, try moving the dimension line back by using the Perpendicular osnap:
1. Click the grip at the bottom of the dimension line you just edited.
2. Shift+click the right mouse button, and choose Perpendicular from the Osnap shortcut menu.
3. Place the cursor on the vertical dimension line that dimensions the balcony and click it.
4. Choose View Zoom All, and then choose File Save to save this file in its current state.
The selected dimension line moves to align with the other vertical dimension, back to its original
location.
Appending Data to Dimension Text
Let’s see how this works by changing an existing dimension’s text in your drawing:
1. Choose Modify Object Text Edit, or type ED↵.
2. Click the last horizontal dimension you added to the drawing at the top of the screen, to
open the Text Formatting toolbar.
3. Press the End key to place the cursor at the end of the 14´-0˝ text, and then type to face
of stud.
4. Click OK on the Text Formatting toolbar, and then press ↵ to exit the Ddedit command. The
dimension changes to read 14´-0˝ to face of stud.
5. Because you don’t need the new appended text for the tutorial, click the Undo button in the
Standard toolbar to remove the appended text.
TIP In this exercise, you were able to edit only a single dimension. To append text to several
dimensions at once, you need to use the Dimension Edit tool. See the “Making Changes to MultipleDimensions” sidebar in this chapter for more on this command.
If you need to restore the original dimension text for a dimension whose value has been completelyreplaced, you can use the steps shown in the previous exercise, but in step 3, replace the textwith the <> bracket symbols.
You can also have AutoCAD automatically add a dimension suffix or prefix to all dimensions,
instead of just a chosen few, by using the Suffix or Prefix option in the Primary Units tab of the NewDimension Style or Modify Dimension Style dialog box. See Appendix C for more on this feature.
AutoCAD provides the associative dimensioning capability to automatically update dimension textwhen a drawing is edited. Objects called definition points determine how edited dimensions are updated.
The definition points are located at the same points you pick when you determine the dimension
location. For example, the definition points for linear dimensions are the extension line origins. The definitionpoints for a circle diameter are the points used to pick the circle and the opposite side of the circle.
The definition points for a radius are the points used to pick the circle, plus the center of the circle.
Definition points are point objects. They’re difficult to see because they’re usually covered by
the feature they define. You can, however, see them indirectly by using grips. The definition pointsof a dimension are the same as the dimension’s grip points. You can see them by clicking a dimension.
Try the following:
1. Make sure the Grips feature is turned on. (See Chapter 2 to refresh your memory on the
Grips feature.)
2. Click the longest of the three vertical dimensions you drew in the earlier exercise. You’ll see
the grips of the dimension, as shown in Figure 12.7.
Making Changes to Multiple Dimensions
You can use the Dimension Edit tool to quickly edit existing dimensions. This tool gives you the ability to edit more than one dimension’s text at one time. One common use for the Dimension Edit tool is to change a string of dimensions to read Equal instead of showing the actual dimensioned distance. The followingexample shows an alternative to using the Properties palette for appending text to a dimension:
1. Type Ded↵.
2. At this prompt Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique]
type N↵ to use the New option. The Multiline Text Editor opens, showing 0 in the text box.
3. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor behind or in front of the 0, and then enter the text you wantto append to the dimension. Or, you can remove the 0 and replace the dimension with your text.
4. Click OK.
5. At the Select objects: prompt, pick the dimensions you want to edit. The Select objects:
prompt remains, enabling you to select several dimensions.
6. Press ↵ to finish your selection. The dimension changes to include your new text or to replace the existing dimension text.
The Dimension Edit tool is useful in editing dimension text, but you can also use this tool to make graphicalchanges to the text. Here is a list of the other Dimension Edit tool options:
Home Moves the dimension text to its standard default position and angle.
Rotate Rotates the dimension text to a new angle.
Oblique Skews the dimension extension lines to a new angle. (See the “Skewing Dimension
Lines” section, later in this chapter.)
Editing Dimensions
Editing Dimensions
As you add more dimensions to your drawings, you’ll find that AutoCAD occasionally places the
dimension text or line in an inappropriate location, or you may need to modify the dimension text.
In this section, you’ll take an in-depth look at how you can modify dimensions to suit those special
circumstances that always crop up.
Appending Data to Dimension Text
So far in this chapter, you’ve been accepting the default dimension text. You can append information
to the default dimension value or change it entirely if you need to. At the point when you see
the temporary dimension dragging with your cursor, enter T↵. Then, using the less-than (<) and
greater-than (>) symbols, you can add text either before or after the default dimension or replace
the symbols entirely to replace the default text. The Properties button on the Properties toolbar lets
you modify the existing dimension text in a similar way.
Continuing from an Older Dimension
Continuing from an Older Dimension
You may have noticed in step 7 that you had to press ↵ twice to exit the command. As with Continue,
you can draw the baseline dimension from an older dimension by pressing ↵ at the Specify
a second extension line origin [Undo/Select]
Drawing Dimensions from a Common Base Extension Line
Drawing Dimensions from a Common Base Extension Line
Another way to dimension objects is to have several dimensions originate from the same extension
line. To accommodate this, AutoCAD provides the Baseline option on the Dimensions control
panel or Dimension drop-down menu.
To see how this works, you’ll start another dimension—this time a horizontal one—across the
top of the plan:
1. Click Linear Dimension on the Dimensions control panel. Or, as you did for the vertical
dimension, type Dli↵ to start the horizontal dimension. This option is also on the Dimension
drop-down menu.
2. At the Specify first extension line origin or
Drawing Linear Dimensions
Drawing Linear Dimensions
The most common type of dimension you’ll be using is the linear dimension. The linear dimension
is an orthogonal dimension measuring the width and length of an object. AutoCAD provides three
dimensioning tools for this purpose: Linear (Dimlinear), Continue (Dimcont), and Baseline (Dimbase).
These options are readily accessible from the Dimensions control panel’s fly-out toolbar or
the Dimension drop-down menu.
WARNING In the following set of exercises, you’ll see figures displaying dimensions in both
Imperial and metric units. I’ve included both measurements so that both Imperial and metric
users can more easily follow the tutorial. But in your own drawing, you’ll see only one dimension
value displayed above the dimension line.
Finding the Dimensions Control Panel
Before you apply any dimension, you should study the Dimensions control panel. This control
panel contains nearly all the commands necessary to draw and edit your dimensions. It contains atoolbar fly-out to the right of the row of tools; this fly-out is similar to the one in the 2D Draw controlpanel. To open it, click the downward-pointing arrow to the far right of the row of tools.
You can also open the Dimension toolbar, which contains many of the same tools as the Dimensionscontrol panel. Right-click any toolbar, and choose Dimension from the shortcut menu. TheDimension commands are also available from the Dimension drop-down menu. Now, you’re
ready to begin dimensioning.
Using Dimensions
Chapter 12 Using Dimensions
Before you determine the dimensions of a project, your design is in flux, and many questions
may be unanswered. After you begin dimensioning, you’ll start to see whether things fit or work
together. Dimensioning can be crucial to how well a design works and how quickly it develops. The dimensions answer questions about code conformance if you’re an architect; they answer questions about tolerances, fit, and interference if you’re involved in mechanical applications. After you andyour design team reach a design on a schematic level, communicating even tentative dimensions to others on the team can accelerate design development. Dimensions represent a point from whichyou can further develop your ideas.
With AutoCAD, you can easily add tentative or final dimensions to any drawing. AutoCAD
gives you an accurate dimension without your having to take measurements. You pick the two
points to be dimensioned and the dimension line location, and AutoCAD does the rest. AutoCAD’s
associative dimensioning capability automatically updates dimensions whenever the size or shape ofthe dimensioned object changes. These dimensioning features can save you valuable time and
reduce the number of dimensional errors in your drawings.
Topics in this chapter include the following:
◆
Understanding the Components of a Dimension
◆
Creating a Dimension Style
◆
Drawing Linear Dimensions
◆
Editing Dimensions
◆
Dimensioning Non-orthogonal Objects
◆
Adding a Note with a Leader Arrow
◆
Applying Ordinate Dimensions
◆
Adding Tolerance Notation
Understanding the Components of a Dimension
Before you start the exercises in this chapter, it will help to know the names of the parts of a dimension.Figure 12.1 shows a sample of a dimension with the parts labeled. The dimension line is the linethat represents the distance being dimensioned. It’s the horizontal line with the diagonal tick markson either end. The extension lines are the lines that originate from the object being dimensioned.They show you the exact location from which the dimension is taken. The dimension textis the dimension value, usually shown inside or above the dimension line.
Another component of a dimension line is the dimension line extension.This is the part of the dimension line that extends beyond the extension line. Dimension line extensions are usually used only on architectural dimensions. The extension lines usually extend beyond the dimension linesin all types of dimensions. The extension line offset from originis the distance from the beginning ofthe extension line to the object being dimensioned. The extension beyond dimension lineis the distance the dimension line extends past the extension line and is most commonly used in architectural drawings.
You can control each of these components by creating or editing dimension styles.
Dimension stylesare the settings that determine the look of your dimensions. You can store multiple styles ina single drawing. The first exercise in this chapter will show you how to create a dimension style.
Dimensioning Standards
In addition to the components of a dimension, you should know about the standards that govern the placement and style of dimensions in a drawing. Each industry has a different set of standards for text size, text style, arrow style, dimension placement, and general dimensioning methods. These issues are beyond the scope of this book; however, I urge you to become familiar with the standards associated with your industry. Many resources are available to you if you want to find out more about dimension standards. Here are a few resources on the subject:
◆
For mechanical drafting in the United States, check the American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME) website:http://www.asme.org.
◆
For European standards, see the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) website:
http://www.iso.org.
◆
For architectural standards in the United States, see the American Institute of Architects (AIA) website:http://www.aia.org.
Creating a Dimension Style
Dimension styles are similar to text styles. They determine the look of your dimensions as well as the size of dimensioning features, such as the dimension text and arrows. You can set up a dimension style to have special types of arrows, for instance, or to position the dimension text above orin line with the dimension line. Dimension styles also make your work easier by enabling you tostore and duplicate your most common dimension settings.
AutoCAD gives you one of two default dimension styles,ISO-25orStandard,depending on whether you use the metric or Imperial (also called English) measurement system. You’ll probably add many other styles to suit the types of drawings you’re creating. You can also create variations ofa general style for those situations that call for only minor changes in the dimension’s appearance.In this section, you’ll learn how to set up your own dimension style based on the Standard dimension style (see Figure 12.2). For metric users, the settings are different, but the overall methods are the same.
Follow these steps to create a dimension style:
1.
Open the Unit
file you edited in the preceding chapter. If you didn’t create one, use the12aunit.dwgfile and rename it Unit.dwg. Metric users should open12a-unit-metric.dwgand rename itUnit.dwg.
2.
Issue Zoom All to display the entire floor plan.
3.
Click the Dimension Style tool in the Dimensions control panel. You can also choose Format
Dimension Style or typeD↵at the Command prompt to open the Dimension Style Manager dialog box.
4.
Select Standard from the Styles list box. Metric users should select ISO-25.
5.
Click New to open the Create New Dimension Style dialog box.
6.
With the Copy Of Standard or ISO-25 name highlighted in the New Style Name input box,enter My Architectural.
7.
Click Continue to open the detailed New Dimension Style dialog box.
You’ve just created a dimension style called My Architectural, but at this point it’s identical to
the Standard style on which it’s based. Nothing has happened to the Standard style; it’s still availableif you need to use it.
Setting Up the Primary Unit Style
Now, you need to set up your new dimension style so that it conforms to the U.S. architectural style of dimensioning. Let’s start by changing the unit style for the dimension text. Just as you changed the overall unit style of AutoCAD to a feet-and-inches style for your bath drawing in Chapter 3, you must do the same for your dimension styles. Setting the overall unit style doesn’t automatically set the dimension unit style. Follow these steps:
1.
In the New Dimension Style dialog box, click the Primary Units tab.
2.
In the Linear Dimensions group, open the Unit Format drop-down list, and choose Architectural.
Notice that this drop-down list contains the same unit styles as the main Drawing
Units dialog box (choose Format Units). Metric users can skip this option.
TIP
The Decimal Separator option a few settings below the Unit Format option lets you choose
between a period and a comma for decimal points. Metric users often use the comma for a decimal point, and U.S. users use a period. This option doesn’t have any meaning for measurements other than decimal, so it’s dimmed when the Architectural unit format is selected.
3.
Select 0´-01⁄4˝from the Precision drop-down list, just below the Unit Format list. Metric users
should select 0.00. The Precision option enables you to set the level of precision that is displayed
in the dimension text. It doesn’t limit the precision of AutoCAD’s drawing database.
This value is used to limit only the display of dimension text values.
TIP
Every dimension style setting has an equivalent system variable. See Appendix C for more on
system variables that are directly associated with dimensions.
4.
Just below the Precision drop-down list, open the Fraction Format drop-down list, and select
Diagonal. Notice what happens to the graphic: The fractional dimensions change to show
how your dimension text will look. Metric users can skip this step, because it isn’t available
when the Decimal unit format is selected.
5.
In the Zero Suppression group in the lower-left corner, click 0 Inches to deselect this check
box. If you leave it turned on, indications of 0 inches will be omitted from the dimension text.
(In architectural drawings, 0 inches are shown as in this dimension: 12´-0˝.) Metric users can
ignore this option.If you use the Imperial measurement system, you’ve set up My Architectural’s dimension unit style to show dimensions in feet and inches, the standard method for U.S. construction documents.Metric users have changed the Precision value and kept the Decimal unit system.
Setting the Height for Dimension Text
Along with the unit style, you should adjust the size of the dimension text. The Text tab of the New Dimension Style dialog box lets you set a variety of text options, including text location relative to the dimension line, style, and height.
Follow these steps to set the height of your dimension text:
1.
Click the Text tab to display the text options.
2.
Highlight the contents of the Text Height input box.
3.
Type1/8↵to make the text1⁄8˝ high. Metric users should enter0.3↵for the text height.
Unlike the text you created in Chapter 10, you specify the text height by its final plot size. You
then specify an overall dimension scale factor that affects the sizing of all dimensioning settings,
such as text and arrows.If you want to use a specific text style for your dimensions, select a text style in the Text Style drop-down list in the Text tab. If the style you select happens to have a height specification greater than 0, that height will override any text height settings you enter in the Text tab.
Setting the Location and Orientation of Dimension Text
AutoCAD’s default setting for the placement of dimension text puts the text in line with the
dimension line, as shown in the example at the top of Figure 12.2, earlier in this chapter. However,you want the new Architectural style to put the text above the dimension line, as is done in the center of Figure 12.2. To do that, you’ll use the Text Placement and Text Alignment options in the Text tab of the New Dimension Style dialog box:
1.
In the Text Alignment group in the lower-right corner of the dialog box, click the Aligned
With Dimension Line radio button.
2.
In the Text Placement group, open the Vertical drop-down list, and select Above. The
appearance of the sample image changes to show how your new settings will look.
3.
Again in the Text Placement group, change the Offset From Dim Line value to
1⁄16. Thissetting controls the size of the gap between the dimension line and the dimension text.
Each time you change a setting, the graphic gives you immediate feedback about how your
changes will affect your dimension style.
TIP Metric users may not need to change these settings, depending on your preference for dimension styles.
Choosing an Arrow Style and Setting the Dimension Scale
Next, you’ll specify a different type of arrow for your new dimension style. For linear dimensions
in architectural drawings, a diagonal line, ortickmark, is typically used, rather than an arrow.
In addition, you want to set the scale for the graphical components of the dimension, such as
the arrows and text. Recall from Chapter 10 that text must be scaled up in size in order to appearat the proper size in the final output of the drawing. Dimensions too must be scaled so they lookcorrect when the drawing is plotted. The arrows are controlled by settings in the Symbols AndArrows tab, and the overall scale of the dimension style is set in the Fit tab.
Here are the steps for specifying the arrow type and scale:
1.
Click the Symbols And Arrows tab to display the options for controlling the arrow style and
dimension line extensions.
2.
In the Arrowheads group, open the First drop-down list, and choose Architectural Tick.
The graphic next to the arrowhead name shows you what the arrowhead looks like.
TIPSee Appendix C for details on how you can create your own arrowheads. AutoCAD also lets
you set up a separate arrow style for leaders.
3.
In the Arrowheads group, change the Arrow Size setting to1⁄8. Metric users should enter.3.Next, you need to set the behavior of the dimension line and extension lines:
1.
Click the Lines tab to display the options for controlling the dimension and extension lines.
2.
In the Dimension Lines group, highlight the value in the Extend Beyond Ticks input box,
and enter1/16. (Metric users should enter0.15.) This causes the dimension lines to extend
past the tick arrows. This is a standard graphic practice used for dimensioning linear dimensions
in architectural plans.
3.
In the Extension Lines group, change the Extend Beyond Dim Lines setting to1⁄8. Metric
users should change this to.3. This setting determines the distance the extension line
extends past the dimension line.
4.
Again in the Extension Lines group, change the Offset From Origin setting to1⁄8. Metric users should change this to.3. This sets the distance from the point being dimensioned to the beginning of the dimension extension line.
5.
Click the Fit tab of the New Dimension Style dialog box to display the options for overall
dimension scale and miscellaneous settings.
6.
Turn on the Annotative option in the Scale For Dimension Features group. You may recall
from Chapter 10 that the Annotative option allows AutoCAD to automatically scale an
object to the drawing’s annotation scale.
7.
Click OK to close the New Dimension Style dialog box. The Dimension Style Manager dialog
box opens again.
Scale for Dimensions in Legacy Drawings
Drawings created prior to AutoCAD 2008 relied on scale factors to determine the scaling of dimensions.Because it’s likely that you’ll run into legacy drawing files, here is some information about the settingsused for those earlier dimensions.
Instead of using the Annotative option, the Use Overall Scale Of option is used in the Scale For DimensionFeatures group. You select the Use Overall Scale Of radio button and enter a drawing scale factor inthe Use Overall Scale Of input box.
All the values you enter for the options in the New Dimension Style dialog box are multiplied by this Use Over all Scale Of value to obtain the final size of the dimension components. For example, the text height you entered earlier,1⁄8˝, is multiplied by 48 for a dimension text height of 6˝. For metric users, the text height of 0.3 is multiplied by 50 for a text height of 15 cm. For more on the scaling of text and other objectin AutoCAD, see Chapter 3.
TIP
If you use the Scale Dimensions To Layout option in the Scale For Dimension Features group
of the Fit tab, AutoCAD uses the Layout view port scale to size the dimension components. See
Chapter 8 for more information about view port scale settings. This can be useful if you have a
drawing that you want to print at multiple scales.
Setting Up Alternate Units
You can use the Alternate Units tab of the New Dimension Style dialog box to set up AutoCAD to
display a second dimension in centimeters or millimeters. Likewise, if you’re a metric user, you canset up a second dimension to display feet and inches. The following exercise shows you how to setup alternate dimensions. You don’t have to do this exercise now; it’s here for your information. Ifyou like, come back later and try it to see how it affects your dimensions. You can pick up the tutorialin the next section, “Setting the Current Dimension Style.”
TIP
If you decide later that you don’t want the alternate units to be displayed, you can turn them
off by returning to this dialog box and removing the check mark from the Display Alternate Unitscheck box.
Here are the steps for setting up alternate dimensions:
1.
In the Dimension Style Manager, select a style, and then click Modify. Or, if you want to
create a new style, click New.
2.
In the New Dimension Style dialog box, click the Alternate Units tab.
3.
Click the Display Alternate Units check box. The options in the tab become available for
your input.
4.
Select the appropriate option from the Unit Format drop-down list. U.S. users should select
Decimal to show metric alternate units. Metric users should select Architectural.
5.
Select an appropriate precision value from the Precision drop-down list.
6.
Enter a scale factor for your alternate dimension in the Multiplier For Alt Units input box.
For U.S. users, the default value is25.4. This value converts feet-and-inch dimensions to millimeters.In our metric examples, you’ve been using centimeters, so change this setting to2.54. Metric users should enter0.3937to convert centimeters to feet and inches.
7.
In the Placement group, select where you want the alternate dimension to appear in relation
to the main dimension.
8.
Click OK to close the New Dimension Style dialog box. The Dimension Style Manager dialog
box opens again.
Setting the Current Dimension Style
Before you can begin to use your new dimension style, you must make it the current default:
1.
Click My Architectural in the Styles list box in the Dimension Style Manager dialog box.
2.
Click the Set Current button at far right in the dialog box.
3.
Click Close to exit the Dimension Style Manager dialog box.
You can also select a dimension style from the Dim Style Control drop-down list in the Dimensions control panel. You’re now ready to use your new dimension style.
Fitting Text and Arrows in Tight Places
Every now and then, you’ll need to dimension a small gap or a small width of an object that won’t
allow dimension text to fit. The Fit tab includes a few other settings that control how dimensions actwhen the extension lines are too close. The Text Placement group contains three options to place thetext in tight situations:
Beside The Dimension Line Places text next to the extension line but close to the dimension line.You’ll see how this affects your dimension later.
Over Dimension Line, With Leader Places the dimension text farther from the dimension line,and includes an arrow or a leader from the dimension line to the text.
Over Dimension Line, Without Leader Does the same as the previous setting, but doesn’t include the leader.
The options in the Fit Options group let you control how text and arrows are placed when there isn’tenough room for both between the extension lines.
In the next set of exercises, you’ll use the My Architectural style you just created. To switch to
another style, open the Dimension Style Manager dialog box again, select the style you want from the Styles list, and click Set Current, as you did in the previous exercise.
Modifying a Dimension Style
To modify an existing dimension style, open the Dimension Style Manager dialog box, highlight
the style you want to edit, and then click Modify to open the Modify Dimension Style dialog box.
This is virtually identical to the New Dimension Style dialog box you’ve been working with. You
can then make changes to the different components of the selected dimension style. When you’vefinished making changes and closed both dialog boxes, all the dimensions associated with theedited style update automatically in your drawing. For example, if you decide you need to changethe dimension scale of a style, you can open the Modify Dimension Style dialog box and change theScale value in the Fit tab.
This section introduces you to the various settings that let you determine the appearance of a
dimension style.
This section doesn’t discuss every option; to learn more about the other dimensionstyle options, consult Appendix B. There, you’ll find descriptions of all the items in the NewDimension Style and Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, plus reference material covering thesystem variables associated with each option.
TIP If your application is strictly architectural, you may want to make these same dimension stylechanges to the Acad.dwt template file or create a set of template files specifically for architectural drawings of different scales.
Creating Table Styles
Creating Table Styles
If you find that you’re creating the same table layout over and over, you can set up predefined tablestyles. You can set up the properties of the title, column headings, and data in advance so you don’t haveto set them up each time you create a table. For example, if you prefer to use Arial bold at 0.25˝ for thetitle and standard Arial at 0.125˝ for the column headings, you can create a table style with those settings.
The next time you need to create a table, you can select your custom table style and specify the
number of columns and rows; then, you’ll be ready to add the data without having to format the text.
To create a table style, follow these steps:
1. Choose Format Table Style from the menu bar to open the Table Style dialog box. You see
the Standard table style in the list box. This is the one you used in the previous exercises.
2. Click the New button to open the Create New Table Style dialog box. This is where you give
your new table style a name.
3. Enter My Table Style, and click Continue to open the New Table Style dialog box (see Figure 11.5).
4. You’ll learn more about the options in this dialog box next. For now, click OK to close the
dialog box.
5. Your new table style now appears in the Styles list of the Table Style dialog box. If you want
to edit an existing table style, you can select the style from the list and click the Modify button.
The Modify Table Style dialog box will appear, enabling you to edit the existing style.
The Modify Table Style dialog box is identical to the New Table Style dialog box shown in
Figure 11.5.
6. Click Close to exit the dialog box.
After you’ve created a style, you can select it from the Table Style Settings group of the Insert
Table dialog box that you used to create the sample table (choose Draw Table).
You can also open the New Table Style dialog box by clicking the Table Style Dialog button just
to the right of the Table Style Name drop-down list in the Insert Table dialog box.
The Table Style Options
Let’s take a closer look at the New Table Style dialog box shown earlier in Figure 11.5. It may seema bit bewildering at first, but once you take the time to explore the parts of this dialog box, it’s fairlystraightforward. The following offers a description of the parts of the New Table Style dialog boxby group:Starting Table Typically, you can set up a new table style using the settings in the othergroups of this dialog box, but the Starting Table group gives you the ability to use an existingtable in the drawing as the basis for your new table style. This can be helpful if you’ve alreadydone some work formatting a table in your drawing. This group includes two buttons. The oneon the left lets you select an existing table in the drawing for your new style. If you click this button,the dialog box closes temporarily to allow you to select a table in your drawing. The buttonon the right removes your in-drawing table selection and reverts to the settings in the dialog box.
General The General group offers only one setting: the direction for the table. Typically, you’ll
use the Down option, which means the table reads from top to bottom. If for some reason you
need a table with titles at the bottom, choose the Up option.
Cell Styles You have a high degree of control over the appearance of individual cells through
the cell styles. By default, your new table style will have three cell styles called Data, Header,
and Title. You can select these cell styles from the drop-down list at the top of the Cell Styles
group. You can then edit the selected style using the three tabs below the drop-down list. Here
is a brief description of the function of each tab:
◆ General give you control over the background color, alignment, format, and type of
information presented in the cell. The Margins options control the margins in the cell.
The Merge Cells On Row/Column Creation option at the bottom of the General tab
causes the cells to merge into a single cell for the selected cell style.
◆ Text gives you control over the default text style, height, and color, and the angle of the
text in the cell.
◆ Borders lets you control the lineweight for the borders of the cell.
You can also create your own cell style using the two buttons to the right of the Cell Styles dropdownlist. The left button lets you create a new cell style. The button on the right lets you create,rename, or delete a cell style through the Manage Cell Style dialog box.
Cell Style Preview This window gives you a preview of what the cell style will look like with
the settings you make in the tabs of the Cell Styles group. This preview changes in real time as
you change the settings in the General, Text, or Borders tab.
The Bottom Line
Using Fields to Associate Text with Drawing Properties Fields are a special type of text object
that can be linked to object properties. They can help to automate certain text-related tasks.
Master It Name two uses for fields that you learned about in the first part of this chapter.
Solution Fields can be used to update text that labels a block. They can also be used to
update text and report the area enclosed by a polyline.
Adding Tables to Your Drawing The Tables feature can help you make quick work of
schedules and other tabular data that you want to include in a drawing.
Master It What is the name of the dialog box that appears when you click the Table tool
from the Tables control panel?
Solution Insert Table.Editing the Table Line Work Because tables include line work to delineate their differentcells, AutoCAD gives you control over table borders and lines.
Master It How do you get to the Cell Border Properties dialog box?
Solution Select the cell or cells in the table, right-click, and choose Borders.
Adding Formulas to Cells Tables can also function like a spreadsheet by allowing you to add
formulas to cells.
Master It What type of text object lets you add formulas to cells?
Solution Field.
Importing and Exporting Tables The Table feature allows you to import Microsoft Excel
spreadsheets into AutoCAD.
Master It Describe how to import a spreadsheet from Excel into AutoCAD.
Solution Open the spreadsheet, and select the cells you want to import. Choose Edit Copy
to copy the spreadsheet data into the Clipboard. In AutoCAD, choose Edit Paste Special. In
the Paste Special dialog box, select AutoCAD Entities, and click OK.
Adjusting Table Text Orientation and Location
Adjusting Table Text Orientation and Location
You now have the basic layout of the table, with one difference. The Floor, Base, Walls, and Ceiling
labels you just added are oriented horizontally, but you want them oriented vertically, as in Figure 11.1.The following steps will show you how to rotate a set of labels in a table so they appear in the orientation you want:
1.
Click in the cell labeled Floor to select it.
2.
Shift+click in the cell labeled Ceiling to select all four of the cells below the Finish heading.
The combined cells have four grips, one on each side of the group.
3.
Click the grip at the bottom of the selected group, and move it down about four rows. The
entire row becomes taller. This provides room for the text when you rotate it.
4.
Right-click in the selected cells, and choose Properties from the shortcut menu to open the
Properties palette.
5.
In the Properties palette, click the Text Rotation input box under the Content group.
6.
Enter90↵for a 90-degree rotation of the text. The text rotates into a vertical orientation.
7.
Close the Properties palette.
With the text in this orientation, the columns are too wide, so you’ll change the cell width for
the selected cells.
8.
Move the right grip to the left to decrease the width of the cells.
9.
For the final touch, you’ll center the text in the cells. With the cells still selected, right-click
in the selected cells, and choose Alignment Bottom Center. The text becomes centered in
the cells and aligned at the bottom of the cells.
TIP
You can also control the margin between the text and the cell border by using the Cell Margin
options in the Properties palette. Select the entire table, right-click, and choose Properties. In theProperties palette, click the Vertical Cell Margin option or the Horizontal Cell Margin option inthe Table group.
In the last exercise, you learned how you can adjust the text orientation through the Properties
palette. You can also adjust the width of multiple cells by adjusting the grip location. If you need
to be more precise about the cell width, you can use the Cell Width option in the Properties palettefor a set of cells.Now, continue to add text to the cells and adjust their sizes:
1.
Double-click in the cell in the Number column just below the row that contains the Floor,
Base, Walls, and Ceiling cells. A text cursor appears in the cell, and the Text Formatting toolbar
opens.
2.
Enter110, and press↵. Instead of advancing to the next cell to the right, you advance to thenext cell below.
3.
Enter 111, and press ↵ again. Continue to enter each room number in this way. When you’ve
finished entering the room numbers, click OK in the Text Formatting toolbar to close it.
Next, you’ll reduce the width of the column to fit the text a bit better.
4. Click in the cell with the Number text label. It’s the first column heading in the table.
5. Shift+click in the bottom cell of the Number column to select the entire column.
6. Click the grip to the left of the column, and move the grip to the right so the column width
is approximately half the width of the Room column. You can zoom in on the column to
allow more control over the positioning of the grip.
7. Press Esc to exit the selection and view your table so far.
Now, suppose you want to delete one of the extra rows of cells at the bottom of the table or add
a new row. Here’s what to do:
1. Click the bottom-left cell of the table to select it.
2. Right-click, and choose Rows Delete from the shortcut menu. The row disappears.
3. To add a row, select a cell, right-click, and choose Rows Insert Above or Rows Insert
Below, depending on where you want the new row.
You may notice the Delete Columns and Insert Columns options in the shortcut menu that let
you add or delete columns. These options function in a similar way to the Delete Rows and Insert
Rows options.
Editing the Table Line Work
So far, you’ve concentrated on how you can format text and cells in a table, but you’ll also want
some control over the lines in the table. Typically, heavier lines are used around the border of the
table and between the title and the rest of the table.
The Cell Borders shortcut menu option lets you modify the outline of the border. When you
select this option, the Cell Border Properties dialog box opens.
You can use this dialog box to fine-tune the appearance of the line work of the table. Try the following exercise to see firsthand how this dialog box works:
1. Turn on the display of lineweights by choosing Format Lineweight.
2. In the Lineweight Settings dialog box, turn on the Display Lineweight setting; then, click OK.
3. Click in the title cell at the top of the table to select the cell, and then right-click and choose
Borders to open the Cell Border Properties dialog box.
4. Click the Lineweight drop-down list, and select 0.30 mm.
5. Click the Outside Borders button in the Apply To group to tell AutoCAD to change the
borders of the cell to the selected lineweight.
6. Click OK. The title cell is now outlined in a heavier line. To see it clearly, press the Esc key
to close the Table toolbar.
You can also adjust the lineweights that encircle a group of cells, as in the following exercise:
1. Click the cell in the upper-left corner with the Number label.
2. Shift+click the cell in the lower-right corner of the table so that all the cells from the secondfrom-
the-top row down are selected.
3. Right-click, and choose Borders.
4. Select 0.30 mm from the Lineweight drop-down list. Then, click the Outside Borders button
as you did in step 5 of the previous exercise.
5. Click OK. The outlines of the selected cells are given the new lineweight setting.
6. Save this file for future reference.
TIP In addition to the table borders, you can change the background color for the cells of the
table through the Background Fill option in the Properties palette. Select a group of cells in
the table that you want to affect (but don’t select the entire table), right-click, and choose
Properties. In the Properties palette, click the Background Fill option in the Cell group.
The Cell Border Properties dialog box also lets you set the line colors by selecting a color from
the Color drop-down list before selecting an Apply To option.
In addition, the Apply To group offers four buttons: All Borders, Outside Borders (which you’ve
already tried), Inside Borders, and No Borders. The All Borders option applies the changes to all
borders. The Inside borders option applies the changes to just the inside borders. This option worksonly if you’ve selected multiple cells. The No Borders option lets you clear your border selectionsif you change your mind.
If you want to select only the vertical or horizontal inside borders, you can use the graphic in the
Cell Border Properties dialog box to select either the vertical or horizontal inside border. You can
also use the graphic to select individual sides of the outside border by clicking the sample border
in the graphic. The sample changes to show you which border lines are affected.
Adding Formulas to Cells
In the beginning of this chapter, I mentioned that you can include formulas in cells of AutoCAD
tables. This can be a great timesaver, because you can set up a table with quantities that automatically
adjust to changes in values in the table. You don’t have to manually calculate the changes.
You may recall that formulas are actually a type of field and that a field can be linked with
objects in a drawing so that the field displays the linked object’s properties. The formula field can
be linked to several numeric text values.
Although fields are the tool you use for formulas, you don’t have to consciously choose to add
a field to a cell every time you want to add a formula. The following exercise will demonstrate how
you can add a formula by typing directly in a cell. AutoCAD takes care of converting your input
into a field.
Using Formulas Directly in Cells
The simplest way to add a formula to a cell is to double-click the cell and then, when the Text Formatting
toolbar appears, enter the formula directly in the cell with the addition of an = (equal sign)
at the beginning. Try the following exercise to see how it works.
1. Open the FieldSample.dwg file.
2. Double-click in the cell, as shown in Figure 11.3, to select the location for your formula.
3. Enter the following text in the cell to add the values in cell A2 and cell D4:
=A2+D4
4. Press ↵ after you enter the value. The value of A2 plus D4 appears in the cell.
In step 3, the equal sign tells AutoCAD to convert the text into a formula field. You may have
noticed that when you start to edit a cell in a table, the row and column labels appear along the topand left side of the table. You can use these labels to determine the cell addresses for your formula.
In typical spreadsheet fashion, you can change the formula in a cell any time. Double-click the
cell containing the formula, and then edit the formula values and operators.
You can also use the Formula drop-down list from the Table toolbar to select from a set of
predefined math operations.
Click in the cell where you want to place the formula; then, in the Table toolbar, click the Formula
drop-down list, and select the operation you want to use. Next, place a selection window around the
cells you want to include in the formula. Click in the first cell that you want to include in the formula,
and then click in the second cell. As you do this, a selection window appears. All the cells that are
included in the selection window are included in the formula.
Using Other Math Operations
In the previous exercise, you used the plus sign to add the value of two cells. You can string
together several cells’ addresses to add multiple cells, as follows:
=A2+A3+A4...
You can also subtract, multiply, or divide by using the – (subtract or minus), * (multiply or asterisk),or / (divide or hash) sign. To perform multiple operations on several cells, you can group operationswith parentheses in a way similar to a typical spreadsheet formula. For example, if you want to add twocells together and then multiply their sum by another cell, use the following format:
=(A2+A3)*A4
The Average, Sum, and Count buttons that appear in the Formula drop-down list of the Table toolbargive you quick access to these frequently used functions. You can obtain the average value of a setof cells, quickly get the sum of a set of cells, or get a count of the number of cells you select. When youclick one of these options, you’re prompted to select several cells with a selection window. Onceyou’ve selected a set of cells, you see the appropriate formula in the selected cell. Clicking the Averagebutton, for example, produces a formula similar to the following:=Average(A1:B5)
Clicking the Sum button produces a formula like the following:=Sum(A1:B5)
In both cases, a range of cells is indicated using a colon, as in A1:B5. You can use this format whenentering formulas manually. You can also include a single cell with a range by using a comma:=Sum(A1:B5,C6)
Importing and Exporting Tables
Frequently, tables are created outside AutoCAD in a spreadsheet program such as Excel. You can
import an Excel worksheet as an AutoCAD table by using the AutoCAD Entities option in the Paste
Special feature. The ability to import tables lets non-AutoCAD users create the table data while you
concentrate on the drawing.
Try the following exercise to see how you can import a table from a worksheet:
1. Open the Excel worksheet called 11a-plan.xls, and highlight the door data, as shown in
Figure 11.4.
2. Choose Edit Copy to place a copy of the selected data into the Windows Clipboard; then,
switch back to AutoCAD.
3. Choose Edit Paste Special to open the Paste Special dialog box.
4. With the Paste radio button selected, click AutoCAD Entities in the list, and then click OK.
5. At the Specify insertion point or [paste as Text]: prompt, click a point in the lowerright
area of the drawing. The worksheet data appears in the drawing, although it’s very
small. You also see the Text Formatting toolbar.
6. Click OK in the Text Formatting toolbar to close it.
7. If needed, use the Scale tool to enlarge the table to a readable size.
In this exercise, you imported the worksheet by using the default standard table style. This givesyou a simple-looking table using the AutoCAD Txt font. You can set up a custom table style, asdescribed later in this chapter, with the fonts and borders you want, and then import the table fora more custom appearance. Make sure your custom table style is the current style before you
import the worksheet.
Exporting Tables
Some day, you might want to export your AutoCAD table to a spreadsheet program or database.
You can do this through a somewhat hidden option in a shortcut menu. Follow these steps:
1. Select the entire table. You can do so by clicking in a spot above and to the right of the table.
With the crossing selection window, completely enclose the table, and click.
2. Right-click anywhere in the table, and choose Export from the shortcut menu to open the
Export Data dialog box.
3. Specify a name and location for your exported table data, and click Save.
The file is saved with a .csv filename extension. This type of file is a comma-delimited file and
can be read by most spreadsheet programs, including Microsoft Excel. Unfortunately, the .csv file
doesn’t retain the AutoCAD table formatting.
To open the exported file from Excel, choose File Open in the Excel menu bar; then, in the
Open dialog box, select Text File (*.prn, *.txt, *.csv) in the Files Of Type drop-down list. You can
then locate the exported table and open it.
Adding Graphics to Table Cells
One of the more interesting features of the Table tool is its ability to include blocks in a cell. This can be
useful if you want to include graphic elements in your table. Adding a block to a cell is a simple process.
Here are the steps:
1. Click in a cell to select it.
2. Right-click, and choose Insert Block from the shortcut menu to open the Insert A Block In A Table
Cell dialog box.
3. Select a block name from the Name drop-down list. You can also click the button to the right of the
list to open a file dialog box that enables you to select a drawing file for import to the cell.
4. After you’ve selected a block and specified the settings in the Properties group of the dialog box,
click OK. The block appears in the cell you’ve selected.
The Properties group in the dialog box enables you to specify the alignment and size of the inserted
block. By default, the AutoFit option is turned on. This option adjusts the size of the block to make it fit
in the current cell size.
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